Overview
Ulcerative colitis is a long-term condition in which the lining of the large intestine becomes inflamed and develops tiny ulcers, leading to bouts of bloody diarrhea and belly cramps. It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease, driven by an overactive immune system, and tends to flare and settle over years. While there is no simple cure, medicines control the inflammation well for most people, and staying in remission protects long-term bowel health.
Symptoms
- Diarrhea, often with blood or mucus
- Urgent and frequent need to pass stools
- Cramping lower-belly pain
- Tiredness and weight loss during flares
- Feeling of incomplete emptying
When to see a doctor
See a doctor for ongoing diarrhea with blood, or belly pain with weight loss, so the bowel can be assessed and treatment started.
Emergency — call 108 or go to the nearest hospital
- Heavy rectal bleeding, severe belly pain with a swollen abdomen, high fever, or signs of severe dehydration — seek care immediately
Causes
An overactive immune response in the bowel with a genetic tendency; the exact trigger is unknown, though gut bacteria and environment play a part.